Existing prognostic tools in cancer research, exemplified by the Immunologic Constant of Rejection (ICR), often fall short in providing precise and adaptable predictions across diverse cancer types. The intricate nature of cancer biology, compounded by the dynamic field of immunotherapy, underscores the pressing need for more accurate and streamlined prognostic solutions. The current challenge extends beyond adult cancers to pediatric cases, where heterogeneity complicates timely diagnosis and intervention. Additionally, the unpredictable responses to immunotherapy hinder its widespread efficacy. Clinicians and researchers face a critical gap in tailoring treatments to individual patient profiles.

The 3-lncRNA signature emerges as a transformative solution, as it not only addresses the limitations of existing predictive methods but also holds the potential to redefine patient stratification, enhance diagnostics, and catalyze more effective immunotherapy interventions. By tackling the gaps in cancer prognostication, this invention paves the way for personalized medicine and improved outcomes in the battle against cancer.

• Multi-Cancer Predictive Power: The 3-lncRNA signature demonstrates a robust association with better prognosis in breast, head and neck, melanoma, uterine, and liver cancers, while indicating a worse prognosis in kidney and low- grade glioma brain cancers.
• Superior to ICR Signature: In a head-to-head comparison, the 3-lncRNA signature surpasses the well-established 20-gene ICR signature, offering a more effective and streamlined approach to prognostication.
• Immunotherapy Insight: The signature correlates with the expression of immune checkpoints, suggesting its potential as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.